gitignore

.gitignore

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+*.user

analysis/04-Reverse_Linked_List/diagrams/00_initial_state.puml

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+@startuml
+title Step 0 — Initial State
+
+object "Node 1" as n1 {
+  value = 1
+}
+
+object "Node 2" as n2 {
+  value = 2
+}
+
+object "Node 3" as n3 {
+  value = 3
+}
+
+n1 --> n2 : next
+n2 --> n3 : next
+n3 --> "null" : next
+
+object "previous" as prev
+object "current" as cur
+
+prev --> "null"
+cur --> n1
+
+note bottom
+Before the loop starts:
+
+previous = null
+current  = head
+
+The original list is still intact.
+end note
+
+@enduml

analysis/04-Reverse_Linked_List/diagrams/01_save_next.puml

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+@startuml
+title Step 1 — Save next
+
+object "Node 1" as n1 {
+  value = 1
+}
+
+object "Node 2" as n2 {
+  value = 2
+}
+
+object "Node 3" as n3 {
+  value = 3
+}
+
+n1 --> n2 : next
+n2 --> n3 : next
+n3 --> "null" : next
+
+object "previous" as prev
+object "current" as cur
+object "next" as nxt
+
+prev --> "null"
+cur --> n1
+nxt --> n2
+
+note right of nxt
+next = current->next
+
+We save the next node before changing
+current->next.
+
+Without this temporary pointer, the rest
+of the original list would become unreachable.
+end note
+
+@enduml

analysis/04-Reverse_Linked_List/diagrams/02_reverse_current_link.puml

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+@startuml
+title Step 2 — Reverse current->next
+
+object "Node 1" as n1 {
+  value = 1
+}
+
+object "Node 2" as n2 {
+  value = 2
+}
+
+object "Node 3" as n3 {
+  value = 3
+}
+
+n1 --> "null" : next
+n2 --> n3 : next
+n3 --> "null" : next
+
+object "previous" as prev
+object "current" as cur
+object "next" as nxt
+
+prev --> "null"
+cur --> n1
+nxt --> n2
+
+note right of n1
+current->next = previous
+
+Node 1 no longer points to Node 2.
+It now points to the already reversed part.
+
+At the first iteration, the reversed part is empty,
+so Node 1 points to null.
+end note
+
+@enduml

analysis/04-Reverse_Linked_List/diagrams/03_move_pointers.puml

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+@startuml
+title Step 3 — Move previous and current
+
+object "Node 1" as n1 {
+  value = 1
+}
+
+object "Node 2" as n2 {
+  value = 2
+}
+
+object "Node 3" as n3 {
+  value = 3
+}
+
+n1 --> "null" : next
+n2 --> n3 : next
+n3 --> "null" : next
+
+object "previous" as prev
+object "current" as cur
+
+prev --> n1
+cur --> n2
+
+note right
+previous = current
+current  = next
+
+The reversed part is now:
+
+1 -> null
+
+The remaining original part is still:
+
+2 -> 3 -> null
+end note
+
+@enduml

analysis/04-Reverse_Linked_List/diagrams/04_second_iteration.puml

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+@startuml
+title Step 4 — Second Iteration After Reversing Node 2
+
+object "Node 1" as n1 {
+  value = 1
+}
+
+object "Node 2" as n2 {
+  value = 2
+}
+
+object "Node 3" as n3 {
+  value = 3
+}
+
+n2 --> n1 : next
+n1 --> "null" : next
+n3 --> "null" : next
+
+object "previous" as prev
+object "current" as cur
+object "next" as nxt
+
+prev --> n2
+cur --> n3
+nxt --> n3
+
+note bottom
+After processing Node 2:
+
+2 -> 1 -> null
+
+The reversed part grows from the front.
+The remaining part starts at current.
+end note
+
+@enduml

analysis/04-Reverse_Linked_List/diagrams/05_final_state.puml

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+@startuml
+title Step 5 — Final State
+
+object "Node 1" as n1 {
+  value = 1
+}
+
+object "Node 2" as n2 {
+  value = 2
+}
+
+object "Node 3" as n3 {
+  value = 3
+}
+
+n3 --> n2 : next
+n2 --> n1 : next
+n1 --> "null" : next
+
+object "head" as head
+object "previous" as prev
+object "current" as cur
+
+head --> n3
+prev --> n3
+cur --> "null"
+
+note right of head
+When current becomes null,
+previous points to the new head.
+
+head = previous
+end note
+
+@enduml

analysis/04-Reverse_Linked_List/diagrams/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+# Reverse Linked List — PlantUML Diagrams
+
+This directory contains PlantUML diagrams for the three-pointer linked list reversal algorithm.
+
+The diagrams use a small list:
+
+```text
+1 -> 2 -> 3 -> null
+```
+
+and show how it becomes:
+
+```text
+3 -> 2 -> 1 -> null
+```
+
+## Files
+
+- `00_initial_state.puml` — initial state before the loop
+- `01_save_next.puml` — saving `next = current->next`
+- `02_reverse_current_link.puml` — reversing `current->next`
+- `03_move_pointers.puml` — moving `previous` and `current`
+- `04_second_iteration.puml` — state after the second node is processed
+- `05_final_state.puml` — final state after the loop
+
+## Generate PNG Files
+
+```sh
+plantuml diagrams/*.puml
+```
+
+## Generate SVG Files
+
+```sh
+plantuml -tsvg diagrams/*.puml
+```
+
+## Core Idea
+
+During the loop, the list is logically split into two parts:
+
+- `previous` points to the already reversed part
+- `current` points to the node currently being processed
+- `next` temporarily preserves access to the remaining original list
+
+The key operation is:
+
+```cpp
+current->next = previous;
+```
+
+But this is only safe after saving:
+
+```cpp
+Node* next = current->next;
+```
+
+Otherwise the remaining part of the original list would be lost.

analysis/04-Reverse_Linked_List/exapmle/reverse-linked-list/.gitignore

@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+# This file is used to ignore files which are generated
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+*~
+*.autosave
+*.a
+*.core
+*.moc
+*.o
+*.obj
+*.orig
+*.rej
+*.so
+*.so.*
+*_pch.h.cpp
+*_resource.rc
+*.qm
+.#*
+*.*#
+core
+!core/
+tags
+.DS_Store
+.directory
+*.debug
+Makefile*
+*.prl
+*.app
+moc_*.cpp
+ui_*.h
+qrc_*.cpp
+Thumbs.db
+*.res
+*.rc
+/.qmake.cache
+/.qmake.stash
+
+# qtcreator generated files
+*.pro.user*
+CMakeLists.txt.user*
+
+# xemacs temporary files
+*.flc
+
+# Vim temporary files
+.*.swp
+
+# Visual Studio generated files
+*.ib_pdb_index
+*.idb
+*.ilk
+*.pdb
+*.sln
+*.suo
+*.vcproj
+*vcproj.*.*.user
+*.ncb
+*.sdf
+*.opensdf
+*.vcxproj
+*vcxproj.*
+
+# MinGW generated files
+*.Debug
+*.Release
+
+# Python byte code
+*.pyc
+
+# Binaries
+# --------
+*.dll
+*.exe
+

analysis/04-Reverse_Linked_List/exapmle/reverse-linked-list/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# Reverse Linked List Example
+
+This directory contains a small standalone C++ example for the classic three-pointer linked list reversal algorithm.
+
+## Build
+
+```bash
+g++ -std=c++17 -Wall -Wextra -pedantic main.cpp -o reverse_linked_list
+```
+
+## Run
+
+```bash
+./reverse_linked_list
+```
+
+## Expected Output
+
+```text
+Original list:
+1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4 -> 5 -> null
+
+Reversed list:
+5 -> 4 -> 3 -> 2 -> 1 -> null
+```
+
+
+## Memory walkthrough
+
+see memory_walkthrough.md

analysis/04-Reverse_Linked_List/exapmle/reverse-linked-list/main.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,216 @@
+/**
+ * @file main.cpp
+ * @brief Demonstrates the classic three-pointer algorithm for reversing a singly linked list.
+ *
+ * This example is intentionally small and self-contained.
+ * It is not meant to show that reversing linked lists is a common production task.
+ * Instead, it documents the interview pattern clearly enough that a reader unfamiliar
+ * with it can compile the program, run it, and inspect the output.
+ */
+
+#include <iostream>
+#include <initializer_list>
+
+/**
+ * @brief A minimal singly linked list node.
+ *
+ * Each node stores an integer value and a pointer to the next node.
+ * The last node in the list has @c next equal to @c nullptr.
+ */
+struct Node {
+  int value;    ///< Payload stored in the node.
+  Node *next;   ///< Pointer to the next node, or nullptr for the last node.
+};
+
+/**
+ * @brief Appends a new value to the end of the list.
+ *
+ * @param head Reference to the head pointer of the list.
+ * @param value Value to store in the new node.
+ *
+ * This helper is used only to build the demonstration list.
+ * It keeps the example simple and avoids using STL containers for the list itself,
+ * because the goal is to demonstrate raw pointer manipulation.
+ */
+void appendNode (Node *&head, int value) {
+  Node *node = new Node{value, nullptr};
+
+  if (head == nullptr) {
+    head = node;
+    return;
+  }
+
+  Node *current = head;
+
+  while (current->next != nullptr)
+    current = current->next;
+
+  current->next = node;
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief Creates a linked list from an initializer list.
+ *
+ * @param values Values to insert into the list in the given order.
+ * @return Pointer to the first node of the created list.
+ *
+ * The caller owns the returned list and must release it with freeList().
+ */
+Node *createList (std::initializer_list<int> values) {
+  Node *head = nullptr;
+
+  for (int value : values)
+    appendNode (head, value);
+
+  return head;
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief Prints the list without modifying it.
+ *
+ * @param head Pointer to the first node of the list.
+ *
+ * Output example:
+ * @code
+ * 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4 -> null
+ * @endcode
+ */
+void printList (const Node *head) {
+  const Node *current = head;
+
+  while (current != nullptr) {
+    std::cout << current->value << " -> ";
+    current = current->next;
+  }
+
+  std::cout << "null" << std::endl;
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief Reverses a singly linked list in place.
+ *
+ * @param head Pointer to the first node of the original list.
+ * @return Pointer to the first node of the reversed list.
+ *
+ * This is the classic three-pointer interview algorithm.
+ *
+ * The three pointers are:
+ *
+ * - @c previous — the already reversed part of the list
+ * - @c current  — the node we are processing right now
+ * - @c next     — the original next node saved before we overwrite @c current->next
+ *
+ * Why @c next is necessary:
+ *
+ * In a singly linked list, each node only knows where the next node is.
+ * When we execute:
+ *
+ * @code
+ * current->next = previous;
+ * @endcode
+ *
+ * we destroy the original forward link.
+ * Without saving it first, the rest of the list would be lost.
+ *
+ * The algorithm works by moving one node at a time from the original forward chain
+ * into the reversed chain.
+ *
+ * Initial state:
+ *
+ * @code
+ * previous = null
+ * current  = 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4 -> null
+ * @endcode
+ *
+ * After processing node 1:
+ *
+ * @code
+ * previous = 1 -> null
+ * current  = 2 -> 3 -> 4 -> null
+ * @endcode
+ *
+ * After processing node 2:
+ *
+ * @code
+ * previous = 2 -> 1 -> null
+ * current  = 3 -> 4 -> null
+ * @endcode
+ *
+ * When @c current becomes @c nullptr, @c previous points to the new head.
+ *
+ * Complexity:
+ *
+ * - Time: O(n), because each node is visited once.
+ * - Extra memory: O(1), because only a fixed number of pointers is used.
+ */
+Node *reverseList (Node *head) {
+  Node *previous = nullptr;
+  Node *current = head;
+
+  while (current != nullptr) {
+    /*
+     * Save the original next node before changing current->next.
+     * Without this line, the rest of the list would become unreachable.
+     */
+    Node *next = current->next;
+
+    /*
+     * Reverse the direction of the link.
+     * The current node now points to the already reversed part.
+     */
+    current->next = previous;
+
+    /*
+     * Move previous forward.
+     * The current node becomes the new head of the reversed part.
+     */
+    previous = current;
+
+    /*
+     * Continue with the node that originally followed current.
+     */
+    current = next;
+  }
+
+  return previous;
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief Releases all nodes in the list.
+ *
+ * @param head Pointer to the first node of the list.
+ *
+ * This function is separated from the reversal and printing logic.
+ * It exists only because this example uses raw @c new to keep the node structure explicit.
+ */
+void freeList (Node *head) {
+  Node *current = head;
+
+  while (current != nullptr) {
+    Node *next = current->next;
+    delete current;
+    current = next;
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief Program entry point.
+ *
+ * Builds a small list, prints it, reverses it, prints it again,
+ * and finally releases all allocated nodes.
+ */
+int main() {
+  Node *list = createList ({1, 2, 3, 4, 5});
+
+  std::cout << "Original list:" << std::endl;
+  printList (list);
+
+  list = reverseList (list);
+
+  std::cout << "\nReversed list:" << std::endl;
+  printList (list);
+
+  freeList (list);
+
+  return 0;
+}

analysis/04-Reverse_Linked_List/exapmle/reverse-linked-list/memory_walkthrough.md

@@ -0,0 +1,827 @@
+# Reverse Linked List — Memory Walkthrough
+
+This walkthrough explains the classic three-pointer linked list reversal using a memory-oriented view.
+
+The goal is not only to show that the algorithm works, but also to show what happens to:
+
+- stack variables
+- heap nodes
+- `next` fields inside each node
+
+The example list contains three nodes:
+
+```text
+1 -> 2 -> 3 -> null
+```
+
+For clarity, fake addresses are used:
+
+```text
+Node 1: 0x1000
+Node 2: 0x2000
+Node 3: 0x3000
+```
+
+These addresses are illustrative only.  
+A real program will use different addresses.
+
+---
+
+## Algorithm
+
+```cpp
+Node* reverseList(Node* head) {
+    Node* previous = nullptr;
+    Node* current = head;
+
+    while(current != nullptr) {
+        Node* next = current->next;
+
+        current->next = previous;
+
+        previous = current;
+        current = next;
+    }
+
+    return previous;
+}
+```
+
+The three important pointers are:
+
+| Pointer | Meaning |
+|---|---|
+| `previous` | Head of the already reversed part |
+| `current` | Node currently being processed |
+| `next` | Saved pointer to the remaining original list |
+
+The most important rule is:
+
+> Save `next` before changing `current->next`.
+
+Otherwise the rest of the original list may become unreachable.
+
+---
+
+## Step 0 — Initial State
+
+Before the loop starts:
+
+```cpp
+Node* previous = nullptr;
+Node* current = head;
+```
+
+### Stack
+
+```text
++----------+----------+
+| Variable | Value    |
++----------+----------+
+| head     | 0x1000   |
+| previous | nullptr  |
+| current  | 0x1000   |
+| next     | not set  |
++----------+----------+
+```
+
+### Heap
+
+```text
+0x1000
++-----------+-----------+
+| value = 1 | next=2000 |
++-----------+-----------+
+
+0x2000
++-----------+-----------+
+| value = 2 | next=3000 |
++-----------+-----------+
+
+0x3000
++-----------+-----------+
+| value = 3 | next=null |
++-----------+-----------+
+```
+
+### Logical view
+
+```text
+head/current
+     |
+     v
+1 -> 2 -> 3 -> null
+
+previous -> null
+```
+
+At this point, nothing has been reversed yet.
+
+---
+
+## Step 1 — Save `next`
+
+Inside the first loop iteration:
+
+```cpp
+Node* next = current->next;
+```
+
+`current` points to Node 1.  
+`current->next` points to Node 2.
+
+So:
+
+```text
+next = 0x2000
+```
+
+### Stack
+
+```text
++----------+----------+
+| Variable | Value    |
++----------+----------+
+| head     | 0x1000   |
+| previous | nullptr  |
+| current  | 0x1000   |
+| next     | 0x2000   |
++----------+----------+
+```
+
+### Heap
+
+```text
+0x1000
++-----------+-----------+
+| value = 1 | next=2000 |
++-----------+-----------+
+
+0x2000
++-----------+-----------+
+| value = 2 | next=3000 |
++-----------+-----------+
+
+0x3000
++-----------+-----------+
+| value = 3 | next=null |
++-----------+-----------+
+```
+
+Nothing in the heap changed yet.
+
+The `next` stack variable only saves access to the rest of the list.
+
+Without this temporary pointer, Node 2 and Node 3 could be lost after the next operation.
+
+---
+
+## Step 2 — Reverse `current->next`
+
+Now the algorithm changes the link:
+
+```cpp
+current->next = previous;
+```
+
+`current` is Node 1.  
+`previous` is `nullptr`.
+
+So Node 1 no longer points to Node 2.  
+It now points to `nullptr`.
+
+### Stack
+
+```text
++----------+----------+
+| Variable | Value    |
++----------+----------+
+| head     | 0x1000   |
+| previous | nullptr  |
+| current  | 0x1000   |
+| next     | 0x2000   |
++----------+----------+
+```
+
+### Heap
+
+```text
+0x1000
++-----------+-----------+
+| value = 1 | next=null |
++-----------+-----------+
+
+0x2000
++-----------+-----------+
+| value = 2 | next=3000 |
++-----------+-----------+
+
+0x3000
++-----------+-----------+
+| value = 3 | next=null |
++-----------+-----------+
+```
+
+### Logical view
+
+```text
+current
+  |
+  v
+1 -> null
+
+next
+ |
+ v
+2 -> 3 -> null
+```
+
+This is the key mutation.
+
+The original list is now split into two logical parts:
+
+```text
+Reversed part:
+1 -> null
+
+Remaining original part:
+2 -> 3 -> null
+```
+
+---
+
+## Step 3 — Move `previous`
+
+The algorithm advances the reversed part:
+
+```cpp
+previous = current;
+```
+
+`previous` now points to Node 1.
+
+### Stack
+
+```text
++----------+----------+
+| Variable | Value    |
++----------+----------+
+| head     | 0x1000   |
+| previous | 0x1000   |
+| current  | 0x1000   |
+| next     | 0x2000   |
++----------+----------+
+```
+
+### Heap
+
+```text
+0x1000
++-----------+-----------+
+| value = 1 | next=null |
++-----------+-----------+
+
+0x2000
++-----------+-----------+
+| value = 2 | next=3000 |
++-----------+-----------+
+
+0x3000
++-----------+-----------+
+| value = 3 | next=null |
++-----------+-----------+
+```
+
+### Logical view
+
+```text
+previous/current
+       |
+       v
+       1 -> null
+
+next
+ |
+ v
+2 -> 3 -> null
+```
+
+The reversed part now officially starts at `previous`.
+
+---
+
+## Step 4 — Move `current`
+
+The algorithm continues with the saved next node:
+
+```cpp
+current = next;
+```
+
+`current` now points to Node 2.
+
+### Stack
+
+```text
++----------+----------+
+| Variable | Value    |
++----------+----------+
+| head     | 0x1000   |
+| previous | 0x1000   |
+| current  | 0x2000   |
+| next     | 0x2000   |
++----------+----------+
+```
+
+### Heap
+
+```text
+0x1000
++-----------+-----------+
+| value = 1 | next=null |
++-----------+-----------+
+
+0x2000
++-----------+-----------+
+| value = 2 | next=3000 |
++-----------+-----------+
+
+0x3000
++-----------+-----------+
+| value = 3 | next=null |
++-----------+-----------+
+```
+
+### Logical view
+
+```text
+previous
+   |
+   v
+   1 -> null
+
+current
+   |
+   v
+   2 -> 3 -> null
+```
+
+The first iteration is complete.
+
+---
+
+## Step 5 — Second Iteration: Save `next`
+
+The loop repeats.
+
+```cpp
+Node* next = current->next;
+```
+
+`current` points to Node 2.  
+Node 2 points to Node 3.
+
+So:
+
+```text
+next = 0x3000
+```
+
+### Stack
+
+```text
++----------+----------+
+| Variable | Value    |
++----------+----------+
+| head     | 0x1000   |
+| previous | 0x1000   |
+| current  | 0x2000   |
+| next     | 0x3000   |
++----------+----------+
+```
+
+### Heap
+
+```text
+0x1000
++-----------+-----------+
+| value = 1 | next=null |
++-----------+-----------+
+
+0x2000
++-----------+-----------+
+| value = 2 | next=3000 |
++-----------+-----------+
+
+0x3000
++-----------+-----------+
+| value = 3 | next=null |
++-----------+-----------+
+```
+
+Again, the heap has not changed yet.
+
+---
+
+## Step 6 — Second Iteration: Reverse Link
+
+```cpp
+current->next = previous;
+```
+
+`current` is Node 2.  
+`previous` is Node 1.
+
+So Node 2 now points back to Node 1.
+
+### Stack
+
+```text
++----------+----------+
+| Variable | Value    |
++----------+----------+
+| head     | 0x1000   |
+| previous | 0x1000   |
+| current  | 0x2000   |
+| next     | 0x3000   |
++----------+----------+
+```
+
+### Heap
+
+```text
+0x1000
++-----------+-----------+
+| value = 1 | next=null |
++-----------+-----------+
+
+0x2000
++-----------+-----------+
+| value = 2 | next=1000 |
++-----------+-----------+
+
+0x3000
++-----------+-----------+
+| value = 3 | next=null |
++-----------+-----------+
+```
+
+### Logical view
+
+```text
+current
+  |
+  v
+2 -> 1 -> null
+
+next
+ |
+ v
+3 -> null
+```
+
+The reversed part will become:
+
+```text
+2 -> 1 -> null
+```
+
+after `previous` moves to Node 2.
+
+---
+
+## Step 7 — Second Iteration: Move Pointers
+
+```cpp
+previous = current;
+current = next;
+```
+
+### Stack
+
+```text
++----------+----------+
+| Variable | Value    |
++----------+----------+
+| head     | 0x1000   |
+| previous | 0x2000   |
+| current  | 0x3000   |
+| next     | 0x3000   |
++----------+----------+
+```
+
+### Heap
+
+```text
+0x1000
++-----------+-----------+
+| value = 1 | next=null |
++-----------+-----------+
+
+0x2000
++-----------+-----------+
+| value = 2 | next=1000 |
++-----------+-----------+
+
+0x3000
++-----------+-----------+
+| value = 3 | next=null |
++-----------+-----------+
+```
+
+### Logical view
+
+```text
+previous
+   |
+   v
+   2 -> 1 -> null
+
+current
+   |
+   v
+   3 -> null
+```
+
+Now two nodes are reversed.
+
+---
+
+## Step 8 — Third Iteration: Save `next`
+
+```cpp
+Node* next = current->next;
+```
+
+`current` is Node 3.  
+Node 3 points to `nullptr`.
+
+So:
+
+```text
+next = nullptr
+```
+
+### Stack
+
+```text
++----------+----------+
+| Variable | Value    |
++----------+----------+
+| head     | 0x1000   |
+| previous | 0x2000   |
+| current  | 0x3000   |
+| next     | nullptr  |
++----------+----------+
+```
+
+### Heap
+
+```text
+0x1000
++-----------+-----------+
+| value = 1 | next=null |
++-----------+-----------+
+
+0x2000
++-----------+-----------+
+| value = 2 | next=1000 |
++-----------+-----------+
+
+0x3000
++-----------+-----------+
+| value = 3 | next=null |
++-----------+-----------+
+```
+
+---
+
+## Step 9 — Third Iteration: Reverse Link
+
+```cpp
+current->next = previous;
+```
+
+`current` is Node 3.  
+`previous` is Node 2.
+
+So Node 3 now points to Node 2.
+
+### Stack
+
+```text
++----------+----------+
+| Variable | Value    |
++----------+----------+
+| head     | 0x1000   |
+| previous | 0x2000   |
+| current  | 0x3000   |
+| next     | nullptr  |
++----------+----------+
+```
+
+### Heap
+
+```text
+0x1000
++-----------+-----------+
+| value = 1 | next=null |
++-----------+-----------+
+
+0x2000
++-----------+-----------+
+| value = 2 | next=1000 |
++-----------+-----------+
+
+0x3000
++-----------+-----------+
+| value = 3 | next=2000 |
++-----------+-----------+
+```
+
+### Logical view
+
+```text
+current
+  |
+  v
+3 -> 2 -> 1 -> null
+```
+
+The whole list is now reversed, but the loop still needs to update the stack pointers.
+
+---
+
+## Step 10 — Third Iteration: Move Pointers
+
+```cpp
+previous = current;
+current = next;
+```
+
+Since `next` is `nullptr`, `current` becomes `nullptr`.
+
+### Stack
+
+```text
++----------+----------+
+| Variable | Value    |
++----------+----------+
+| head     | 0x1000   |
+| previous | 0x3000   |
+| current  | nullptr  |
+| next     | nullptr  |
++----------+----------+
+```
+
+### Heap
+
+```text
+0x1000
++-----------+-----------+
+| value = 1 | next=null |
++-----------+-----------+
+
+0x2000
++-----------+-----------+
+| value = 2 | next=1000 |
++-----------+-----------+
+
+0x3000
++-----------+-----------+
+| value = 3 | next=2000 |
++-----------+-----------+
+```
+
+### Logical view
+
+```text
+previous
+   |
+   v
+   3 -> 2 -> 1 -> null
+
+current -> null
+```
+
+The loop condition fails:
+
+```cpp
+while(current != nullptr)
+```
+
+because `current` is now `nullptr`.
+
+---
+
+## Step 11 — Return New Head
+
+At the end:
+
+```cpp
+return previous;
+```
+
+`previous` points to Node 3.
+
+Node 3 is the new head of the reversed list.
+
+### Final stack view
+
+```text
++----------+----------+
+| Variable | Value    |
++----------+----------+
+| old head | 0x1000   |
+| new head | 0x3000   |
++----------+----------+
+```
+
+### Final heap view
+
+```text
+0x3000
++-----------+-----------+
+| value = 3 | next=2000 |
++-----------+-----------+
+
+0x2000
++-----------+-----------+
+| value = 2 | next=1000 |
++-----------+-----------+
+
+0x1000
++-----------+-----------+
+| value = 1 | next=null |
++-----------+-----------+
+```
+
+### Final logical view
+
+```text
+new head
+   |
+   v
+   3 -> 2 -> 1 -> null
+```
+
+---
+
+## Why the Temporary `next` Pointer Matters
+
+This line is not optional:
+
+```cpp
+Node* next = current->next;
+```
+
+Without it, this operation:
+
+```cpp
+current->next = previous;
+```
+
+would overwrite the only pointer to the remaining original list.
+
+For example, at the beginning:
+
+```text
+1 -> 2 -> 3 -> null
+```
+
+If Node 1 is changed to:
+
+```text
+1 -> null
+```
+
+before saving Node 2, then Node 2 and Node 3 are no longer reachable from any local variable.
+
+That is why the algorithm always follows this order:
+
+```cpp
+Node* next = current->next;  // preserve the remaining list
+current->next = previous;    // reverse the link
+previous = current;          // grow the reversed part
+current = next;              // continue with the remaining part
+```
+
+The order is the algorithm.
+
+---
+
+## Summary
+
+During the algorithm:
+
+- `previous` points to the already reversed part.
+- `current` points to the node being processed.
+- `next` preserves access to the not-yet-processed part.
+- Only one `next` field is modified per iteration.
+- No nodes are copied.
+- No new list is allocated.
+- The original nodes are relinked in-place.
+
+The algorithm is small, but it is easy to get wrong because it mutates the structure while traversing it.
+
+That is why a memory-level walkthrough is often more useful than just showing the final code.

analysis/04-Reverse_Linked_List/exapmle/reverse-linked-list/output_example.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Original list:
+1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4 -> 5 -> null
+
+Reversed list:
+5 -> 4 -> 3 -> 2 -> 1 -> null

analysis/04-Reverse_Linked_List/exapmle/reverse-linked-list/reverse-linked-list.pro

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+TEMPLATE = app
+CONFIG += console c++17
+CONFIG -= app_bundle
+CONFIG -= qt
+
+SOURCES += \
+        main.cpp

analysis/04-Reverse_Linked_List/readme.md

@@ -0,0 +1,255 @@
+# Analysis #04 — Reverse Linked List: Academic Exercise
+
+## Problem
+
+A classic interview question:
+
+Given a singly linked list:
+
+```cpp
+struct Node {
+    int value;
+    Node* next;
+};
+```
+
+Reverse the list:
+
+```text
+1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4 -> null
+```
+
+into:
+
+```text
+4 -> 3 -> 2 -> 1 -> null
+```
+
+using:
+
+* O(n) time
+* O(1) additional memory
+
+---
+
+## Typical Interview Solution
+
+The standard solution uses three pointers:
+
+```cpp
+Node* previous = nullptr;
+Node* current = head;
+
+while(current) {
+    Node* next = current->next;
+
+    current->next = previous;
+
+    previous = current;
+    current = next;
+}
+
+head = previous;
+```
+
+The candidate is expected to produce this solution quickly and correctly.
+
+---
+
+## What This Actually Tests
+
+Despite its popularity, this problem tests a surprisingly narrow set of skills.
+
+Primarily:
+
+* Pointer manipulation
+* Attention to detail
+* Familiarity with linked lists
+* Prior exposure to a common interview pattern
+
+In many cases, prior exposure matters more than reasoning.
+
+A candidate who has seen the problem twenty times may solve it in under a minute.
+
+A senior engineer with years of production experience may need significantly longer if they have never encountered this specific exercise before.
+
+---
+
+## Why This Is Rare In Real Engineering
+
+The interesting question is:
+
+> When was the last time you actually reversed a linked list in production code?
+
+For most engineers, the answer is:
+
+> Almost never.
+
+Modern systems rarely use linked lists as a primary data structure.
+
+More commonly you will encounter:
+
+* vectors
+* deques
+* ring buffers
+* hash tables
+* trees
+* databases
+* message queues
+
+The embedded world is similar.
+
+Typical structures include:
+
+* circular buffers
+* DMA buffers
+* message queues
+* routing tables
+* state machines
+
+Linked lists certainly exist.
+
+However, fully reversing one is rarely a real business requirement.
+
+---
+
+## The Hidden Assumption
+
+The interview question starts with an assumption:
+
+> You already have a linked list.
+
+Real engineering often starts with a different question:
+
+> Why is this a linked list in the first place?
+
+That decision is usually far more important than the reversal algorithm itself.
+
+---
+
+## Real-World Equivalent
+
+Finding a true production equivalent is difficult.
+
+Most real systems solve a different problem.
+
+### Example 1: Event History Viewer
+
+A user wants to see the newest events first.
+
+A typical engineering solution is:
+
+* iterate in reverse
+* change presentation logic
+* adjust query ordering
+
+The underlying data structure often remains unchanged.
+
+---
+
+### Example 2: CAN Trace Analysis
+
+Suppose a trace contains millions of CAN frames.
+
+The user wants the newest messages displayed at the top.
+
+Nobody reverses the entire dataset.
+
+Instead:
+
+* reverse iteration is used
+* the UI changes presentation order
+* indexing structures provide efficient access
+
+The stored data remains exactly as it was.
+
+---
+
+## What Real Engineers Usually Ask
+
+A more practical engineering question would be:
+
+> The user wants to view data in reverse order.
+>
+> Do we actually need to modify the data structure?
+
+This question frequently leads to better solutions.
+
+---
+
+## Better Interview Question
+
+Instead of asking:
+
+> Reverse a linked list.
+
+Consider asking:
+
+> A system stores ten million records.
+>
+> Users want to view them in reverse order.
+>
+> What solution options exist, and what are their trade-offs?
+
+Now the discussion becomes much more interesting:
+
+* memory usage
+* cache locality
+* ownership
+* indexing
+* performance
+* maintainability
+* user requirements
+
+In other words:
+
+Engineering begins.
+
+---
+
+## Common Mistakes
+
+* ❌ Assuming data must be modified to change presentation order
+* ❌ Ignoring alternative data structures
+* ❌ Focusing on implementation before understanding requirements
+* ❌ Treating algorithmic manipulation as the only valid solution
+
+---
+
+## Key Takeaway
+
+Reverse Linked List is useful as an educational exercise.
+
+It teaches pointer manipulation and careful reasoning about memory.
+
+However, the problem itself rarely appears in production software in its original form.
+
+The real engineering question is usually not:
+
+> How do we reverse the list?
+
+Instead it is:
+
+> Do we need to reverse it at all?
+
+---
+
+## Project Perspective
+
+> Exists in real engineering?
+
+**Partially**
+
+Linked lists exist.
+
+Complete list reversal is a very uncommon business requirement.
+
+> Exists in interview form?
+
+**Yes**
+
+It remains one of the most common classic coding interview questions.
+
+The exercise is valuable for learning pointer manipulation.
+
+Its usefulness as a predictor of engineering ability is far less obvious.

analysis/04-reverse-linked-list/exapmle/reverse-linked-list/reverse-linked-list.pro.user

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